Bolero: ⟨title from the final manuscript⟩

⟨Author list, each linked to a homepage, with affiliation numbers⟩
⟨Affiliations⟩
Paper arXiv Video Code World Run records

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Beat 1 · 0–5 s

⟨Text · a researcher starts from a broad physics question⟩

Beat 2 · 5–10 s

⟨Text · open directions: questions produce findings, and findings the next questions⟩

Beat 3 · 10–15 s

⟨Text · the seed question, the literature corpus and compute go into Bolero⟩

Beat 4 · 15–20 s

⟨Text · the EWM coordinates Bolero; the two loops are drawn from it (Fig. 1A)⟩

Beat 5 · 20–25 s

⟨Text · the discovery loop adds atoms; the dreaming loop connects them and updates molecules⟩

Beat 6 · 25–30 s

⟨Text · one physics research group and the division of labour among its roles (Fig. 2C)⟩

Abstract

⟨Abstract, verbatim from the final manuscript⟩

Video

⟨120-s video⟩

System overview

Schematic of empirical evidence (atoms) and research programs (molecules) Figure 2: design of the research swarm Figure 3: operations of the dreaming loop Figure 1: system overview of Bolero

Atoms and molecules

⟨Text · atoms record evidence, molecules organize it, and the two co-evolve⟩

Fig. 2A · Design of the research swarm

⟨Text · concurrent research groups, each turning an input molecule into an output atom⟩

Fig. 2B–C · Research groups

⟨Text · roles and communication within an empirical and a physics research group⟩

Fig. 3A · New atoms come into the EWM

⟨Text · atoms from research groups enter the EWM⟩

Fig. 3B–C · Bonds and molecules

⟨Text · the dreaming loop links new atoms with existing atoms and adjusts molecules⟩

Fig. 3D–E · Splits and frontiers

⟨Text · molecules split or appear, and their frontiers are updated⟩

Fig. 1B · Over time

⟨Text · the two loops alternate, and the EWM grows from the initial state⟩

Case study

Molecule genealogy of the case study

Molecule genealogy

⟨Text · how the molecules of the case study appear and split as the EWM is updated⟩

Molecule genealogy · upper branch

⟨Text · what the upper branch's molecules ask⟩

Molecule genealogy · lower branch

⟨Text · what the lower branch's molecules ask⟩

Bolero World

⟨Text · the Worlds of the two case studies, SCC3 (science of science) and NRPT (physics), as archived⟩

Open Bolero World

Open framework

Open-source code

⟨Text · repository, licence, how to run it locally⟩

Open-weight model

⟨Text · the model and how it is served on local hardware⟩

Complete run records

⟨Text · what the run records contain and where to get them⟩

BibTeX

@article{bolero2026,
  author  = {⟨Authors⟩},
  title   = {⟨Title⟩},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:⟨id⟩},
  year    = {2026},
}